1. Multiple attestation -- it's good to get those reports that more than one investigator had a hand in. There are not many like this, but when you find them, it seems to me the chance that the investigation was good goes up. It's even better when you can find a newspaper report of the events, with multiple witnesses. You know at least something happened, and the writer of the account you are reading isn't making it up.
2. If witnesses continue to speak about the events without inconsistencies, give the story serious consideration. Once again, there aren't many like this. People assume that there is some kind of payoff in talking about the weird things that happen to people, but there really isn't, except the rather human need to share our experiences. As an experiencer of some weird stuff, I know that there is often a desire to tell others because the experience is so hard to process by oneself. But it's also true that some die-hard hoaxers just get a kick out of fooling people, and they may keep up their shenanigans for as long as they live. However, over time these folks have trouble keeping their stories straight, since they essentially live to make things up.
3. Rule out investigators with (deserved) bad reputations, especially if they are the only source. If certain investigators have shown that they are not serious, or cannot be trusted to sort out the facts, throw out any cases that they reported (unless someone you think you can trust also reported the events).
4. Watch for signs of invention. You may remember that I have invented a category called "Literary hoax", which I defined this way in a previous post:
The literary hoax. I distinguish this from other forms because the writer spends enough time on his writing to create a work of art, with all the features and markers that go with fiction writing. The motive must partly be artistic, then, but it's also one of the others here -- to make money, to fool people, for fame and notoriety.
So, let's have a couple of examples, why don't we? First, let's look at what I consider to be an unreliable report. This one is reported in Peter Guttila's book The Bigfoot Files, and so far as I can determine, that's the only source (though the entire episode is available here, it comes straight out of his book). This is not in itself an indicator that the story is no good, but it doesn't encourage us to believe in it. Many of the stories that I have come across are not only investigated by more than one person, they are reported in many different places, indicating that many other researchers considered the report reliable enough to use it.
What really sets me off about this report is a double layer of literary invention, which we are going to go into in a moment, but there is also some trouble with the witness telling the story which is important and should be highlighted. Her name is Adele Childress, and her name appears nowhere else, that I can find anyway, in relation to a story like this one. It may be that this is a pseudonym, but if it is, Guttilla does not say so in this case, while he does in the case of other reports covered in his book. So where is Adele Childress, and what would she say about the story today? That she doesn't come forward to defend her tale does not give us any extra confidence in it, either.
Now, what do I mean by double layer of literary invention? First, there is the story that Mrs. Childress tells, then there is the way that Guttilla retells that story, which in the English classes you all avoided would have been called "the frame narrative." Let's take a look at the frame narrative first. Guttilla begins his narrative in this way:
A ray of morning sunlight sparkled through the window as 44-year-old, Adele Childress, sat back in the sofa. Her attractive face looked gaunt as she recalled the eerie events of the past few months. She flashed through the commonplace aspects of her life her children, neighbors, the family pets, and the harried routine of a homemaker, mother, and manager of a busy home nestled in the suburbs of Saugus, California. She remembered how simple life was prior to the bizarre circumstances of her encounter with the unknown.I'm sure you will note the way these two paragraphs set the tone for the rest of the piece with words and symbols that provoke anxiety in the reader. If you missed them, here are a few to get you going in the right direction: "Her attractive face looked gaunt", "She flashed through the commonplace aspects of her life", "wringing her hands nervously".
"What reason, would he have for scaring me like that," she said, wringing her hands nervously. "I've known him and his wife for two years. He wouldn't have told me such a story unless there was some truth to it..." Adele Childress turned toward the window and began her story as if her worries lay suspended somewhere beyond it. She slowly retraced the events, which led to a strange and frightening warning.
Now, one may object that Guttilla is simply reporting what he saw. I don't think so. I think these paragraphs are constructed to set a mood of anxiety and fear so that the story will have a greater impact. And if you don't think so, ask yourself how Guttilla could know that Mrs. Childress was recalling "the eerie events of the past few months" by observing her, or how he could know what her mind "flashed" as he interviewed her? Did she actually recount for him that her mind went through "the commonplace aspects of her life her children, neighbors, the family pets, and the harried routine of a homemaker, mother, and manager of a busy home nestled in the suburbs of Saugus, California" while she "remembered how simple life was prior to the bizarre circumstances of her encounter with the unknown"? This would be an awkward and unnecessary step in an interview. And if she didn't tell him these things, why did he write about them as he did, if it wasn't to ratchet up the anxiety level of the reader? To my mind, this is plain literary invention used to spice up the tale for his readers.
When I see this kind of thing in reports of bigfoot, I'm instantly suspicious that the writer's motives aren't serious. Which is not to say that one doesn't want to set up the scene for the reader, showing how the events have affected the witness --I've done this myself, but remember that there's a question of invention here. Guttilla appears to be making things up to create a better sense of anxiety. In the link I just gave, to the story of the Angry Old Man told by Dave in KY, I didn't invent anything. I used what Dave told me. Guttilla could have done the same and it would have had pretty much the effect he wanted, but rather than limit himself to what the witness told him, it looks as if he ascribed thoughts and feelings to her that he could not have directly known.
So much for the "frame narrative". What about Mrs. Childress's story? It's hard to say who has done the inventing, but I must say that there is a rather classic literary device used in the story she tells. Take a look at this excerpt and see if you spot it. [The ellipse between the two paragraphs shows where I've removed an authorial intrusion so that we can stay with the story.]
He said that when his special unit arrived at the UFO crash site, a pungent odor permeated the air. The object itself, which he said was oblong in shape, was broken in two but apparently landed before exploding. Lying around in several places were bodies of the occupants. He described them as four of the most hideous-looking creatures you can imagine. He said they were huge, about nine feet tall, covered with a fine hair, and were a perfect likeness of what has been described as Bigfoot. The occupants' faces were hairless, Mongoloid in appearance, with flat, wide noses. The mouths, which he said seemed to be agony, showed a row of teeth with what looked like stubby fangs.Did you spot it? That moment familiar to movie-goers everywhere, when someone dies while reaching out to a survivor before collapsing back. There's hardly any chance that cheap melodramatic moment actually happened. I also note that the word "hideous" is used in what seems to be an inappropriate way. If the creatures really were "a perfect likeness of what has been described as Bigfoot", then I don't think very many people would describe them as hideous.
. . .
Ed continued and said that when they examined the dead bodies of the creatures at the crash site, they found one still alive. One of the men tried to give it water The creature reached up and grabbed the man's shoulder hard, then gasped and died. Ed emphasized that each of the creatures wore a copper-colored belt with a huge buckle rifted with small buttons. He said that the belt glowed when activated but didn't say what it was used for. On their feet were boots something like sandals but with very thick soles. Apart from these things the creatures had nothing else on them.
These strike me as markers that the story told here is plain made up. Yet if it is invented, then who is doing the inventing? Because we've actually got multiple frames here now. Guttilla is retelling a tale told him by Mrs. Childress, who is retelling a tale told to her by a guy named Ed.
However you sort that out, the story contains obvious literary inventions. Add to this the fact that the story itself is little more than a re-framing of the famous Roswell Crash story, with the substitution of bigfoot for small aliens, and there is really no reason to credit the story at all. If Guttilla is faithfully retelling what he was told, you have to wonder why he thought the story was worth passing along? The clue is his intro to the story -- he knows it's a good scary story that readers will like. I think this marks him as an unserious reporter, and we have no reason to credit any story that he tells without someone else backing him up.
Now this is too bad, because a lot of the bigfoot/UFO stories come through Guttilla. Luckily, he isn't the primary source for a lot of them.
How about a story that seems to have features that give us more confidence that it really happened? I think the strange tale of the Presque Isle UFO and bigfoot sighting is a good candidate. For one thing, it was reported in the newspaper. Also, the story includes the names of real people who continued to talk about the events long afterward. Matters have been complicated by a story of a balloon launch, but it seems that that has been dealt with by a reference to the facts as known from the events. (Here's the Paranormal Pastor's take on all of it, including the balloon hoax angle. It's a good examination of the entire episode.)
The story was written up by John Keel in an article for Flying Saucer Review shortly after it happened. I have also found what appears to be a reprint of the news article as it appeared at the time on the front page of The Morning News, Erie, Pa., August 1, 1966. Though the source may not be entirely credible, it does appear to be written in the style of a 1960s local news report (with possibly some later editing intrusions, but I can't say for sure. The original article is not available online that I can find). There are page numbers that indicate that the recounting comes from a book and not the original newspaper, nor Keel's FSR article, so that is a problem, but my guess is that this comes from one of Keel's retellings in one of his books sometime after the FSR article appeared.
UFO SIGHTED ON PENINSULA, GIRL DESCRIBES LANDING
An unidentified flying object was sighted on the Peninsula shortly after dusk Sunday night. A Jamestown, N.Y., girl described by Peninsula police as being almost hysterical, near shock, said a craft suddenly appeared in the night sky from the north and landed about 300 yards from the car she was sitting in. She was identified as Betty Jean Klem, 359 Brodhead Ave., Jamestown, N.Y. Peninsula police were taking the statement from her and several friends today. Miss Klem gave the following account to a Morning News reporter:
"We were sitting in the car waiting for help. Our car was stuck in the sand. We saw a star move. It got brighter. It would move fast, then dim. You could see it come down. It was metallic. Sort of silvery. It landed between two trees. It came straight down. The car vibrated. I know we saw it. We had taken a walk up in that area earlier. There was nothing between those trees then. All of a sudden it was just there. We could see the lights on the back."
(She later described the craft as being mushroom shaped with a narrow base rising up to an oval structure.)
The sixteen year old girl was still shaking as she talked to the newsman and police officers. Her eyes were red from crying. Police described her as a pretty sensible young woman.
Peninsula Police Chief Dan Dasconio said, "I know what people are going to say, but this girl saw something that scared her badly. This is no joke as far as I'm concerned."
The girl said that as she and her boyfriend, Douglas J. Tibbets, eighteen, of Greenhurst, N.Y., watched from the front seat of his car a beam of light came out of the craft and moved along the ground in a straight line.The people named in the report actually exist (or existed - some have passed away) and some of them continue to talk about the case today. Aside from Keel and the newspaper reporter, I'm not sure who else looked into the case at the time, but my guess would be that there were other investigators. I hope their reports will come to light in the future.
"It lit up the whole woods along its path. It wasn't like a search light. There was light along the ground, along its whole path."
She said the light did not waver back and forth like a search light, but continued to extend its beam into the woods. Shortly after the light went into the woods, there occurred the most horrible part of her ordeal, according to the girl. She related that a Peninsula police car approached from behind and pulled up near their stuck vehicle. She said as it did so the beam from the UFO light went out. Her boyfriend jumped from the car and told the officers, "There's something weird going on here."
The officer accompanied the youths down the road about 300 yards to a point near where they said the craft had landed. Just as they approached the area the horn sounded in the boy friend's car and they ran back.
The girl said there was a "thing right by the car. I don't know what it was. It was bigger than you," she told the newsman. It was about six feet tall. "You would have had to look up to see it."
In a very brief sketch that the girl drew of the "Thing" it appeared to have the general shape of an upright, large creature, such as a gorilla, although she maintained it was not any kind of animal that she has ever seen before. She described it as a dark, apparently featureless creature, not human, maybe animal, which moved sluggishly back into the bush after she had leaned on the horn after seeing it.
In her interview by the Morning News, she made the following comments: "The ship was big. It came half-way up between these trees." (Officials said the trees are 60 to 70 feet tall).
"When it came down and landed, the car vibrated. We had the car radio on. I think it was WICU Radio. No, it didn't make any interference on the radio."
Asked if it made any kind of noise, she said, "It sounded like the noise in a telephone receiver, only louder, of course. Then it stopped. When it landed there were no lights on it. Then some lights came on by the back of it. The oval top. The others asked me if I saw it. We just couldn't believe it was really happening."
At one point during the interview, she suddenly said, "We heard someone walking on the roof. No, it wasn't stomping. It was more like scratching. We didn't see anything then. We didn't get out of the car. I was a nonbeliever about this space craft business. But I believe now."
But note also how weird the account is. It doesn't have the feel of a literary invention. Some details left out of that report include the fact that the footprints found on the site did not match any kind of bigfoot prints you've ever heard of. They looked more like circular depressions, about 15" in diameter. Like Uncle Hairy was jumping around on pods.
My sense is that this really isn't a bigfoot report. I believe the witnesses are telling the truth about what they saw, but I don't think they saw what they think they saw. But I think maybe this is what it's like when you have a genuine account that combines bigfoot and UFOs -- there's a weirdness to it that defies logical explanations. It isn't wrapped up into a neat scary story.



